Abstract

THE INDUSTRY IN PERSIA UNDER THE ERA OF SASSANID (224-226/651 AD)

Areej Ahmed Hussian

Volume: 9 Issue: 4 2019

Abstract:

The Sassanian state 's extension and its diverse needs especially in the Sassanian era have a big role into extending its economic activity especially in the field of industry. This witnessed a great progress in developing its national economy and reinforcing its political independence by meeting its people needs ,along with its contribution into developing the other fields as agriculture and trade . So long as the Sassanian society is a sector one , the craftsman inherited his carrier to his sons , teaching them its secrets , most importantly the famous one ( Tukhshin Bid) means the chief of industry men. The main purpose of that is to resolve disputes and problems ensued among the jobs owners and to organize their productions , to specify their prices . Of factors helping them to develop the industry was the use of the captives of war especially the skilled in developing and entering new types of industries just like the industry of textiles they were skilful in their countries , most importantly Pottery, mining, tanning and perfumes industries.

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References

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• (Hassan), Iranian Arts, p. 346.
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• Yara Shater, Ihsan et al., The History of Iran) by Zulkian Tafer and Bashi Dulat Sassanian, Translated by Hassan Anousha, Entasharat Amir Kubir Foundation, Tehran, 1960, vol. 3, S1, p.
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• Abruiz: This title is meant to be a triumphant, and it is because it reached the point of salvation and victory and the collection of money and treasures and help the fate of it unless it prepares for other kings, Paradise, Shahnama, c 2, p. 197.
• Tysafun /The city is located on the Tigris River from the east of Baghdad and Iwan Ksarri; Abu al-Fida, the calendar of the countries, p. 303-303; and the cities named by the Arab Muslims and was named by this name to contain seven cities distance from each other distance (Balkanabad, Makhoza, Spanir), and now called Salman Pak (the tomb of the Sahabi Salman Farsi), Lester, Ki, Eastern Caliphate countries, translated by: Bashir Francis and Korkis Awad, Baghdad, 1954, p. 52; Kamal, Ahmed Adel, the fall of cities and the end of the Sasanian state, Dar Allen Ais, Beirut, 1979, p. 32; Ali, Saleh Ahmed, the cities in the Arab sources, Sommer Journal, vol 23 m, Baghdad, 1967, p. 51.
• (Christensen, Iran in the Sassanid era, p.
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• Al-Thaalbi , the same source , (P. 669), Razi, Abdullah, History of Iran, The Foundations of the Present Age Series, Gap Dum, Al-Haj Mohammed Hussein Iqbal and Partners, Tehran, 1335 AH / 1916, p. 98.
• Yazdgerd the third: Yazdgerd bin Shahriar bin Ksiri Abraoz bin Hormuz bin Ksarro Anu Sherwan, the last kings of the Persians Sassanids and fled to Khorasan, where he killed the year 31 AH / 651 AD, and ended the state of the Akasra of the Sassan, his death; Golden, Shamsuddin Mohammed Ahmed bin Othman ( The History of Ancient Iran, p. 165, p.
• Al-Tabari , the history of passengers and kings , , part 3 , part 21, Nada, Taha, Studies in the Shahnamma, The Egyptian House of Printing and Publishing, Alexandria, 1954, p. 204. Frye Richad, N, the Golden age of persias the Arabs in The East Welden feld and Nicolesen, London, 1975, p66
• Zaki, Iranian Arts, p. 346.
• al-Taraz( embroider) : It means in 'Persian' 'embroidery', meaning 'embroideries' and then means 'dresses' decorated with gold thread in the Sassanian era. See: Edie Sher, Dictionary of Words, Persian Arabic, Lebanon Library, Beirut, 1990, p.
• (Ibn Khaldun, introduction, p. 566.
• (Baqir et al., History of Ancient Iran, p. 177.
• Edwards, AS, Iran, translated by: Ahmed Issa, chapter in the book of the heritage of Persia, Press Issa Albabi Halabi & Co., Cairo, 1959, p. 300.
• (Mohammadi Far, Yaqub and Farhad Amini, Bantan Shinasi and Hanrassani, Entacharat Shabikan, Tehran, 1394 AH, 2015, pp. 308-310.
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• Al-Ahmad, Sami Said and Reza Jawad al-Hashemi, History of the Near East, Iran and Anatolia, Ministry of Higher Education and Scientific Research, Baghdad, pp. 16-16.
• Hyun Tsiyag: Chinese traveler visited the Sasanian state in 630 AD; Nafisi, History of the Republic of Iran, p. 197.
• Christensen, Iran in the Sassanid era, p. 115; Pharaoh and the Declaration, Studies in the History of Knight, p.
• Allam, Naamat Ismail, Middle Eastern Art in the Hellenistic Periods, Christian - Sassanian, I 3, Dar Al Ma'arif, Cairo, 1991, p. 162.
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• Ibid., C.12, p. 301.
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• Balkh: (Bactria) is a city famous for the famous cherries such as Mero and Herat in architecture and carpentry; Ibn Hawqal, the image of the land, p. 447.
• Abu al-Fida, the calendar of countries, p. 469.
• Isfahan: One of the cities of the mountain region is located at the south-east end of it between it and Shiraz_80 Farsha (Ibn Rstah, Abu Ali Ahmad bin Omar (290 H / 902 AD) psychological relations, Dar al-Kuttab al-Ulmiya, Beirut, 1998, pp. 139-140.
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• Armenia) is a mountainous country located in the north of Asia Minor surrounded by the following eastern mountains, Dalm, Western Caspian Sea (Azerbaijan and Kurdistan) and the following north and the mountains of the Caucasus (Caucasus Mountains) and the following south of the borders of Iraq and some of the island (land of the island Fratian) Kingdoms Tracts, pp. 180-181.
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• (Nafisi, History of the Republic of Iran, p. 179.
• AlAbid , Features of the history of the Sassanian state, c. 2, p. 183.
• (Known as Darek) Herodotus (d. 484 AH / 425 BC) History of Herodotus, translated by: Habib Effendi, Press of the Holy Sepulcher , Al-Bakr, Munther, AlSasanian Formations, Journal of the Faculty of Arts, University of Basrah, p. 4, fifth year, Basra, 1972, p. 94.
• Ardashir I: The founder of the Sassanid state is Ardashir ibn Babak ibn Sasan, the youngest son of Mahras bin Sasan bin Bahman Ibn Esfandriar bin Bashtasf; the Dinurite, Abu Hanifa Ahmad ibn Dawood (282 AH / 895 AD) , Beirut, 2001, p. 42; Masoudi, Murooj al-Zahab, c1, p. 231.
• Al - Ahmad and Al - Hashemi, History of the Near East, 151.
• Arduan V: He was the last of the Parthian kings fought the battle of Nisibin against the Romans in 217 AD, received compensation from Rome; Baqir et al., History of Ancient Iran, p. 101; and lost the battle with Ardashir founder of the Sassanid state in the desert of Hormuzgan, (808 AH / 1405 AD), the history of Ibn Khaldun, which is called the Diwan of the beginner and the newser in the days of the Arabs, the Ajam and the Berbers, and their contemporaries among the great sultan, Dar al-Fikr for printing, publishing and distribution. , Beirut, 2000, p. 2, p. 169.
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• Al Tahaym and Et al., History of Economics, p.65
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• Takht: or what is called the card or the meaning of the name of the name of the magnificent building and means the Royal Throne Hall of King Kasri Abruiz, is one of the seven wonders of its own, it is said that used in the construction of the hundred and twenty manufacturers and continued work in two years, and picture the most beautiful images in the The Dome of the Heavens, where the heavens were placed, including Paradise, the Shahnameh, C2, pp. 240-239, unknown author (7th century AD, Little History, Translation and Commentary: Father Peter Haddad, People's Press, Baghdad, 1976, p.
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• Gharr news of the kings of Persians and their career, p. 698.
• (Prime Minister: (emerged Jafar Munthar) and meaning the largest officer or Mtqld things, one of the functions inherited from the Akhmainin and Parthians, and was nicknamed Hazarbad any president of a thousand men.
• (In Arabic), and the Prophet Muhammad (peace be upon him), who is the most prominent of the clergy, , University of Basra Press, Basra, 1985, p. 174.
• Al-Marasiba: (the owner of the gap) or the so-called present-day security of the border is one of the highest positions in the Sassanian army, the military administrative governor of some border states, Masoudi, alarm supervision Dar al-Hilal Library, Beirut, 1993, p. 107, Frye, The Golden Age, P.90
• The greats: These represent the upper or upper class in the four-class ladder. King Ardashir bin Babak established the Sasanian society and was entrusted with managing the affairs of the state, such as the Prime Minister, the Supreme Commander of the Army, the Head of the Book, the Paradise, the Shahnameh, Faisal Saleh, Layers of the Sassanian Society, Journal of the Faculty of Arts, p 68, Baghdad, 2005, p 79.
• (Cretensen, Iran in the Sassanid era, pp. 396-397.
• (Abdel Moneim, Mohamed Noureddine, Iranian Models of Iranian Culture, Supreme Council of Culture, Cairo, 2015, p. 433.
• (Nafisi, History of the Republic of Iran, p. 203.
• Pharaoh and the Declaration, Studies in the history of civilization and civilization, p. 202.
• Abdel Moneim, Iran, p. 435).
• (Mazandaran): a name for the state of Tabaristan, Yacout Hamawi, Dictionary of countries, C 5, p. 41.
• Zanjan: a country famous for mountainous regions between Azerbaijan and the village of Abhaz Qazvin, Yacoubi, countries p. 77;Yacout Hamawi Dictionary of countries C3, p. 152.
• (Abdel Moneim, Iran, p. 436).
• (Bart), Islamic Art, p. 169.
• (Nafisi, History of the Teman of Iran, p. 203, Abdel Moneim, Iran, p. 436.
• (Wilson), History of the Industrialization of Iran, p. 111, Pharaoh and the Declaration, Studies in History and Civilization, p. 206.
• (Nafisi, History of the Republic of Iran, p. 203.
• Pharaoh and the Declaration, Studies in the history of civilization and civilization, p. 205.
• The adoption of the Sultanate by Muhammad Hassan, Darar al-Tijan in the history of Bani al-Ashkan, Jab al-Awal, Correction: Naamat Hamdi, Atlas, Tehran, 1731 AH, 1951, p. 204, Baqir et al.
• Abu Mughli, Iran, p. 173.
• (Cretensen, Iran in the Sassanid era, pp. 96-197.
• (Nicolle, David, Sassanian Armies (the Iranian Empireearly3, rdtomid7 the centers A, D), trastated by, Angus Mcdrid, Montevert, 1996, p.27
• Pharaoh and the Declaration, Studies in the History of Persia and Civilizations, p. 205.
• Al-Majid: An old machine of the siege machine thrown by heavy stones at the walls and destroyed by a single monolith; Ibn Qutaiba, Abu Abdullah Mohammed bin Abdullah bin Muslim (286 AH / 889 AD) Eyes of the news, investigation: Yusuf Ali Tawil, 4, , Beirut, 2009, p. 194, which is similar to the artillery weapon at the present time.
• (Cretensen, Iran in the Sassanid era, p. 205, Baqir et al., History, History of Ancient Iran, p. 173.
• (Dinurism, Longitudinal News, p. 123, al-Tabari, History of the Apostles and Kings, c. 2, p. 153.
• (Wakim, Selim, Iran and the Arabs and the ArabIranian Relations through History), Beirut, 1967, p. 51.
• (Nada, Studies in the Shahnameh, pp. 167-168.
• (Al-Tafs): It was a plant from which the ink was used to write and was dyed by the clothes and used as tannins in tanning, as it helps to preserve the skin and prevent it from damage.
• Sultan, Tareq Fathi, History of the Sasanian State, Dar al-Fikr, Amman, 2013, p. 120, Abed, History of the Sasanian State, c. 2, p. 148.
• (Al-Masoudi, Gold Promoters and Minerals of Essence, 1, p. 293).
• (Badawi, Amin Abdul Majid, The Story in Persian Literature, I 2, Dar Al Ma'arif, Cairo, 1964, p.
• (Hormuzd IV: He is the son of King Kasri Anusharwan of the wife of the son of Khakan State Coke Turk, Dinur, Longitudinal News, p. 126.
• Al-Fardousi, Al-Shahnameh, p. 2, p. 169.
• (Saffron): A well-known dye, or it is said, is from the good and it is said al-Jadi is one of its names, which is a bulbous plant which includes wild species and a well-known species. Al-Farahidi, Al-Khalil bin Ahmad (1751/787 AD) , P. 2, p. 333, Jawaliki, the translator of the words Ajami, p. 88.
• Al-Fardousi, Al-Shahnama, 2, p. 236, Nafisi, The History of the Development of Iran, p. 178.
• Detailed History of Iran, p.
• Rustam ibn Farkhzad bin Bendawan is the first of the irrigation people. He is said to have led the Sasanian armies in the Battle of Qadisiyah in 1563 / AD 636 AD during the reign of King Yazdrejd III (632-651 AD). He was a courageous leader and an exalted king. He faced the army of the Muslims because he was afraid of defeat and lost his position that was enjoyed by the Sassanids and was killed in the same battle; Alfardosi, Shahnama, c.
• Camphor: Indian tree origin, which is a pleasant smells similar to basil bushes and has white wood and fragile in its good edges; Adi Sher, Dictionary of the Persian language of the Arabic, p.108.
• (al-Sandal: Indian tree smells like walnut trees and has a love of green and clusters, Jawaliqi, the translator of speech, Ajami, p. 109, Adi Sher, lexicon of the words of the Persian Persian, p.
• Science Keys, p. 146.
• Gore: A city in Persia, whose construction is attributed to King Ardashir bin Babak, between it and Shiraz, twenty Farsha, Yacout al-Hamwi, lexicon of countries, C2, p. 181, and Forsakh 3 miles or 6 kilometers, which is about 120 kilometers away from Shiraz, And Islamic weights or equivalent in the metric system, translated by: Kamel Asali, University of Jordan publications, Amman, 1970, p.
• (Ibn al-Atheer, complete history, c 1, p. 277.
• (Cretensen, Iran in the Sassanian era, p.
• (Al-Masoudi, Al-Mawraj Al-Zahab, 1, p 293).
• Al-Jahiz, Abu Othman Amr ibn Bahr (255/868 AD), Crown in the ethics of kings, investigation: Ahmed Zaki Pasha, Farodin Press, Iran, 1914, pp. 146-147.
• Sirendib: It is a great island in the Sea of Herchend in the most extreme country of India, including the mountain on which Adam landed ( ) when he descended from Paradise.
• Nafisi, History of the Republic of Iran, p. 10.
• Hammerten, Sargon. History of the World, Translation: Ministry of Public Knowledge, Egyptian Renaissance Library, Cairo: Bla., P. 344.
• Derwant, The Story of Civilization, C12, p. 302.